1 -- INTRODUCTION

 

1.1 Lecture Objectives

1.2 Emissions to the Atmosphere

1.3 Removal Processes

1.4 Biogeochemical Cycling

1.5 Lifetimes in the Atmosphere

1.6 Stratosphere Photolysis and Reactions with OH or O (ID)

1.7 Radicals

 

2 -- NITROGEN OXIDES

 

2.1 Importance of Nitrous Oxide (N2O)

2.2 Nitrogen Fixation

2.3 Nitrification and Denitrification

2.4 Imbalances in the Nitrogen Cycle

2.5 Measured Trend in Atmospheric N2O

2.6 Agricultural Influences on N2O Production

2.7 Combustion as a Source of N2O

2.8 Direct Production of NOx

      2.8.1 NOx production by ground level sources

      2.8.2 NOx production by aircraft

 

3 -- METHANE: A SOURCE OF WATER AND HOx

 

3.1 Anaerobic Methane Production and Methane Storage

3.2 Methane Lifetimes; Trends; Transport into the Stratosphere

3.3 Nonmethane Hydrocarbons

3.4 Increase of Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

  

4 -- SOURCES OF Cl, Br, ClOx, AND BrOx

 

4.1 Sea Salt Production of Sodium Chloride (NaCl) and Hydrochloric Acid (HCl)

4.2 Oceanic Production of Methyl Chloride and Methyl Bromide

4.3 Volcanic Emissions as Halogen Sources

4.4 Industrial Production of Halogen Compounds

4.5 Chlorofluorocarbons (Including the Halons)

      4.5.1 CFC molecules: descriptions and naming conventions

      4.5.2 Properties of CFC's

      4.5.3 CFC usage statistics

      4.5.4 CFC lifetimes and Trends

      4.5.5 Hydrochlorofluorcarbons (HCFCs) and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)

4.6 Chlorine from Solid Rocket Boosters

4.7 Methyl Bromide

4.8 Montreal Protocol

 

5 -- VOLCANOS AS SOURCES OF STRATOSPHERIC POLLUTION

 

5.1 Gas Emissions From Volcanos and Fumaroles

5.2 Potential For Rainout of Solubles in Eruptions

5.3 Importance of Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)

5.4 Nonexplosive Volcanos

5.5 Explosive Volcanos

      5.5.1 Historical frequencies and eruption magnitudes

      5.5.2 Recent large eruptions

SUMMARY

REVIEW QUESTIONS

REFERENCES