Aagard, K., and E.C. Carmack. 1994. The Arctic Ocean and climate: a perspective. In The Polar Oceans and Their Role in Shaping the Global Environment, Geophysical Monograph 85. American Geophysical Union.
Aagard, K., and E.C. Carmack. 1989. The role of sea ice and other fresh water in the Arctic circulation. Journal of Geophysical Research, 94:14485-14498.
Alfred Wegener Institute. 1997. Sea Ice--An Antarctic Habitat. http://www.awi-bremerhaven.de/Eistour/index-e.html.
Antarctic Adventure. 1997. Sea Ice, Antarctic Adventure (Tasmania). http://www.antarctic.com.au/encyclopaedia/physical/SeaIce.html.
Gloersen, P., W.J. Campbell, D. J. Cavalieri, J.C. Comiso, C.L. Parkinson, and H.J. Zwally. 1992. Arctic and Antarctic Sea Ice, 1978-1987: Satellite Passive-Microwave Observations and Analysis. NASA Pub. SP-511, NASA Scientific and Technical Information Program, Washington DC.
Hibler. W.D. 1989. Arctic ice-ocean dynamics. In The Arctic Seas. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York.
Kidsat Explorations. 1997. Sea Ice. Jet Propulsion Laboratory and National Aeronautics and Space Administration. http://kidsat.jpl.nasa.gov/kidsat/exploration/explorations/ice/main.htm.
Maykut, G.A. 1985. An Introduction to Ice in the Polar Oceans. Techincal Report APL-UW 8510, Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle.
Parkinson, C.L. 1996. Sea Ice in the Polar Regions. CD-Rom. CIESIN.
Parkinson, C.L. 1997. Earth From Above: Using Color-Coded Satellite Images To Examine the Global Environment. University Science Books, Sausalito, CA.
Parkinson, C.L. 1998. Sea Ice, Oceans: Lecture Series (Goddard Space Flight Center), University Space Research Assoc.-National Aeronautics and Space Administration. June 8-12.
Parkinson, C.L., J.C. Comiso, H.J. Zwally, D.J. Cavalieri, P. Gloersen, and W.J. Campbell. 1987. Arctic Sea Ice, 1973-1976: Satellite Passive-Microwave Observations. NASA Pub. SP-489, NASA Scientific and Technical Information Program, Washington DC.
Parkinson, C.L., and P. Gloersen. 1993. Global sea ice coverage. In Atlas of Satellite Observations Related to Global Change. Cambridge University Press, pp. 371-384.
Smith, S.D., R.D. Muench, and C.H. Pease. 1990. Polynyas and leads: an overview of physical processes and environment. Journal of Geophysical Research, 95:C6:9461-9479.
Zwally, H.J., J.C. Comiso, C.L. Parkinson, D.J. Cavalieri, W.J. Campbell, F.D. Carsey, and P. Gloersen. 1983. Antarctic Sea Ice, 1973-1976: Satellite Passive-Microwave Observations. NASA Pub. SP-459, NASA Scientific and Technical Information Program, Washington DC.
National Snow and Ice Data Center, University of Colorado, Boulder
http://www-nsidc.colorado.edu/
U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Canadian Ice Service, Ottawa, Canada
http://www.cis.ec.gc.ca/
National Aeronautics and Space Administration