REFERENCES

Gurney, R. J., J. L. Foster, and C. L. Parkinson. Atlas of Satellite Observations Related to Global Change. Cambridge University Press, 1993. 470 pp.

Resnick, R., D. Halliday, and K. Krane. Physics, 4th Edition, Volume 1. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1992, pp. 1-592.

Resnick, R., D. Halliday, and K. Krane. Physics, 4th Edition, Volume 2. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1992, pp. 593-1020.

Smith, David G., Ed. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences. Cambridge University Press, 1981, 496 pp.

Strahler, A. A., and A. H. Strahler. Modern Physical Geography. John Wiley & Sons, 1978.

Source Material for Figures

Figure 2.01: The spectrum of electromagnetic radiation.

Redrawn from Strahler, A.A. and A.H. Strahler. Modern Physical Geography, p. 47, Figure 4.3. 1978. John Wiley & Sons, New York.

Figure 2.02: Global reflection and absorption of solar radiation.

Redrawn from Strahler, A.A. and A.H. Strahler. Modern Physical Geography, p. 52, Figure 4.11. 1978. John Wiley & Sons, New York.

Figure 2.03: Atmospheric windows and absorption bands.

Redrawn from Jensen, J. R. Digital Image Processing, A Remote Sensing Perspective. 2nd ed. Prentice Hall Series in Geographic Information Science, p. 112, Figure 6-3. 1996. Prentice Hall, New Jersey.

Figure 2.04: Global average albedo for January 1986.

After Harrison, E.F., P. Minnis, B.R. Barkstrom and G.G. Gibson. Radiation budget at the top of the atmosphere. In Atlas of Satellite Observations Related to Global Change (eds. Gurney, R.J, J.L. Foster and C.L. Parkinson), p. 22, Figure 2. 1993. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge U.K.

Figure 2.05: Atmospheric path lengths and solar incidence angles for solstices.

Original graphic by Thomas C. Hart and Ned Horning.

Figure 2.06: Phase changes of water.

Original graphic by Thomas C. Hart.

Figure 2.07: Global average longwave emission for January 1986.

After Harrison, E.F., P. Minnis, B.R. Barkstrom and G.G. Gibson. Radiation budget at the top of the atmosphere. In Atlas of Satellite Observations Related to Global Change (eds. Gurney, R.J, J.L. Foster and C.L. Parkinson), p. 23, Figure 3. 1993. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge U.K.

Figure 2.08: Annualized energy balance by latitude.

Ahrens, C.D. 1994. Meteorology Today: An Introduction to Weather, Climate, and the Environment. West Publishers, Minneapolis-St. Paul.

Figure 2.09: Global three-cell convection.

Redrawn from University of Florida Global Change Tutorial Earth Systems Sciences Notes via Website

          http://ess.geology.ufl.edu/ess/Notes/AtmosphericCirculation/atmoscell_big.jpeg

Figure 2.10: Forests of mangrove surrounded by farmlands with higher albedo.

Provided by Thomas C. Hart.

Figure 2.11: Longterm trend in global atmospheric CO2 concentrations.

Redrawn from slide material. Historical and Projected Future CO2 Concentrations. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC 1995)

          http://www.epa.gov/oppeoee1/globalwarming/reports/slides/cc&i/c-concen.html

Suggested Reading

Crowley, T. J. and K. Kim (1995), Comparison of longterm greenhouse projections with the geologic record, Geophysical Research Letters 22 (8): 933-936.

Dubayah, R. D. (1991), Estimating regional variability in net solar radiation using Landsat Thematic Mapper and digital elevation data, Water Resources Research 28 : 2469-2482.

Dubayah, R. O. and V. V. Katwijk (1992), The topographic distribution of annual incoming solar radiation in the Rio Grande River basin, Geophysical Research Letters 19 : 2231-2234.

Dye, D. and R. Shibasaki (1995), Intercomparison of global PAR data sets, Geophysical Research Letters 22 : 2013-2016.

Hansen, J., D. Johnson, A. Lacis, S. Lebedeff, P. Lee, D. Rind and G. Russell (1981), Climate impact of increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide, Science 213 (4511): 957-966.

Harrington, J. B. (1987), Climatic change: a review of causes, Can J For Res 17 (11): 1313-1339.

Houghton, J. J., L.G. Meiro Filho, B.A. Callander, N. Harris, A. Kattenberg and K. Maskel (1996), Climate Change 1995: The Science of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group I to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC, Cambridge University Press., pp. 584.

Ramanathan, V. (1988), The greenhouse theory of climate change: a test by inadvertent global experiment, Science 240: 293-299.

Schlesinger, M. E. (1991), Greenhouse-Gas-Induced Climate Change: A Critical Appraisal of Simulations and Observations, Amsterdam, Elsevier Science Publishers.

Schneider, S. H. (1989), The greenhouse effect: science and policy, Science 243: 771-780.

Sellers, P. J., B. W. Meeson, F. G. Hall, G. Asrar, R. E. Murphy, R. A. Schiffer, F. P. Bretherton, R. E. Dickinson, R. G. Ellingson, C. B. Field, K. F. Huemmrich, C. O. Justice, J. M. Melack, N. T. Roulet, D. S. Schimel, and P. D. Try (1995), Remote sensing of the land surface for studies of global change: models - algorithms - experiments, Remote Sensing of Environment 51: 3-26.

Sundquist, E. T. (1993), The global carbon dioxide budget, Science 259: 934-941.

Thompson, D. J. (1995), The seasons, global temperature, and precession, Science 268: 59-68.

URLs

Greenhouse effect lesson or exercise:

http://www.ns.ec.gc.ca/udo/green.html

The impact of clouds on the radiation balance:

http://www.physics.iastate.edu/gcp/influ/influ_Section.html

Atmospheric circulation notes:

http://ess.geology.ufl.edu/ess/Notes/AtmosphericCirculation/atmosphere.html

Links to Climate Programs and Data Sets:

http://isccp.giss.nasa.gov/links.html

Daily Radiation Balance lesson or exercise:

http://www.ocs.ou.edu/lessons/teacher/tdailyradbal.html

ERBE satellite project document:

http://eosdis.larc.nasa.gov:12000/campaign_documents/erbe_project.html

Links to Global Change Programs and Data Sources:

http://www.gcdis.usgcrp.gov/cgi-bin/gcdis-query-ssi2?international

More Links to Global Change Programs and Data Sources:

http://www.geog.umd.edu/landcover/sohlberg/remote-sensing.html

Global Change Science:

http://www.puc.ohio.gov/gcc/science.html

Global Warming and Climate Change -- Table of Contents:

http://www.gcrio.org/gwcc/toc.html

NSF Environmental and Global Change:

http://www.nsf.gov:80/stratare/egch/start.htm

US Global Change Research Program (USGCRP) Home Page:

http://www.usgcrp.gov/

AVHRR LAC 1km Global Data product:

http://edcwww.cr.usgs.gov/landdaac/1KM/1kmhomepage.html

AVHRR Global 8km product (Pathfinder):

http://daac.gsfc.nasa.gov/CAMPAIGN_DOCS/LAND_BIO/GLBDST_main.html

CCRS Vegetation Products:

http://www.ccrs.nrcan.gc.ca/ccrs/tekrd/rd/apps/em/veg/emvege.html

Free-Air Carbon Dioxide Enrichment (FACE) Experiment

http://www.pik-potsdam.de/act/face/e/face_1.htm