REFERENCES

Arber, A. (1950), The Natural Philosophy of Plant Form, Cambridge University Press.

Archibold, O. W. (1995), Ecology of World Vegetation, Chapman and Hall, 510 pp.

Goetz, S. J. and S. D. Prince (1996), Remote sensing of net primary production in boreal forest stands, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 78(3):149-179.

Goetz, S. J. and S. D. Prince (1998), Variability in carbon exchange and light utilization among boreal forest stands: implications for remote sensing of net primary production, Canadian Journal of Forest Research 28:375-389.

Goward, S. N. and K. F. Huemmrich. (1992), Vegetation canopy PAR absorptance and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index: an assessment using the SAIL model, Remote Sensing of Environment 39:119-140.

Graetz, R. Dean (1990), Remote sensing of terrestrial ecosystem structure: an ecologist's pragmatic view. In Remote Sensing of Biosphere Functioning, Hobbs, R. J., and Mooney, H. A., (Editors), Ecological Studies 79:5-30, Springer-Verlag.

Hall, F. G., K. F. Huemmrich, and S. N. Goward (1990), Use of narrow-band spectra to estimate the fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation, Remote Sensing of Environment 33:47-54.

Huete, A. R., A soil-adjusted vegetation index (SAVI) (1988), Remote Sensing of Environment 25:295-309.

Kaufman, Y. J. and D. Tanre. (1992), Atmospherically Resistant Vegetation Index (ARVI) for EOS-MODIS, I. E. E. E. Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 30(2):261-270.

Li, Y., T. H. Demetriades-Shah, E. T. Kanemasu, J. K. Shultis, and M. B. Kirkham (1993), Use of second derivatives of canopy reflectance for monitoring prairie vegetation over different soil backgrounds, Remote Sensing of Environment 44:81-87.

Lillesand, T. M. and R. W. Kiefer. (1994), Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation, Third Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 750 pp.

Podaire, A., P. Y. Deschamps, R. Frouin, and G. Asrar. (1991), Optimum combinations of visible and near-infrared reflectances for estimating the fraction of photosynthetically available radiation absorbed by plants, Proceedings of the 5th International Colloquium - Physical Measurements and Signatures in Remote Sensing, Courcheval, France, 14-18 January 1991 (ESA SP-319), p. 405-408.

Sellers, P. J., J. A. Berry, G. J. Collatz, C. B. Field, and F. G. Hall (1992), Canopy reflectance, photosynthesis and transpiration III: A reanalysis using improved leaf models and a new canopy integration scheme, Remote Sensing of Environment 42:187-216.

Strahler, A. A., and A. H. Strahler. (1978), Modern Physical Geography, John Wiley & Sons.

Townshend, J. R. G., C. J. Tucker, and S. N. Goward, Global vegetation mapping. In Atlas of Satellite Observations Related to Global Change (1993), Gurney, R. J., Foster, J. L., and Parkinson, C. L. (Editors), Cambridge University Press, 470 pp.

Source Material for Figures and Tables

Figure 4.01: Examples of Leaf Area Index (LAI) for several vegetation cover types.

Original graphic by Thomas C. Hart.

Figure 4.02: Components of live vegetation biomass (above ground).

Original graphic by Thomas C. Hart.

Figure 4.03: Lidar detection of canopy height and architecture.

Presentation graphic by David J. Harding, Code 921, NASA/GSFC, Greenbelt, MD.

Figure 4.04: Spectral reflectance curves for green vegetation and other land covers.

Redrawn from many sources by Thomas C. Hart and Carol A. Russell.

Figure 4.05: An example calculation of Simple Ratio and NDVI vegetation indices.

Original graphic by Thomas C. Hart.

Figure 4.06: PAR reflectance patterns vary according to canopy closure.

Provided by K.F. Huemmrich, with reference to Verhoef, W. (1984). Light scattering by leaf layers with application to canopy reflectance modeling: the SAIL model. Remote Sensing of Environment 16:125-141.

Figure 4.07: Variation of fAPAR in the diurnal cycle within a spatially uniform canopy.

Provided by K.F. Huemmrich, with reference to Goward, S. N. and Huemmrich, K. F. (1992). Vegetation canopy PAR absorptance and the normalized difference vegetation index: an assessment using the SAIL model. Remote Sensing of Environment 39:119-140.

Figure 4.08: Annual APAR versus annual assimilation (GPP).

Redrawn by Thomas C. Hart from Goetz, S. J. and S. D. Prince (1998). Variability in carbon exchange and light utilization among boreal forest stands: implications for remote sensing of net primary production. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 28(3):375-389.

Figure 4.09: Annual APAR versus annual NPP.

Redrawn by Thomas C. Hart from Goetz, S. J. and S. D. Prince (1996). Remote sensing of net primary production in boreal forest stands. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 78(3):149-179.

Table 1: Classification of natural vegetation by canopy structure -- an example from Eastern Africa.

Compiled by Thomas C. Hart from Pratt, D.J. and M.D. Gwynne. Rangeland Management and Ecology in East Africa, pp. 44-50. 1977. Hodder and Stoughton, London.

Table 2: Some seasonal opportunities for vegetation typing and monitoring.

Designed and written by Thomas C. Hart.

Suggested Reading

Asrar, G., E. T. Kanemasu, G. P. Miller and R. L. Weiser (1986), Light interception and leaf area estimates from measurements of grass canopy reflectance, I.E.E.E. Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 24:76-82.

Bonan, G. B. (1993), Importance of leaf area index and forest type when estimating photosynthesis in boreal forests, Remote Sensing of Environment 43:303-314.

Daughtry, C. S. T., K. P. Gallo, S. N. Goward, S. D. Prince and W. P. Kustas (1992), Spectral estimates of absorbed radiation and phytomass production in corn and soybean canopies, Remote Sensing of Environment 39:141-152.

Field, C. B., J. T. Randerson and C. M. Malmstrom (1995), Global net primary production: combining ecology and remote sensing, Remote Sensing of Environment 51(1):74-88.

Goel, N. and W. Qin (1994), Influence of canopy architecture on various vegetation indices and LAI and Fpar: simulation model results, Remote Sensing Reviews 10:309-347.

Goward, S. N. (1989), Satellite bioclimatology, Journal of Climate 2:710-720.

Goward, S. N., C. J. Tucker, and D. G. Dye (1985), North American vegetation patterns observed with the NOAA-7 advanced very high resolution radiometer, Vegetatio 64:3-14.

Hall, F. G., Y. Shimabukuro, and K. F. Huemmrich (1995), Remote sensing of forest biophysical structure in boreal stands of Picea mariana using mixture decomposition and geometric reflectance models, Ecological Applications 5(4):993-1013.

Holben, B. N., E. T. F. and F. R. S. (1991), Temporal and spatial variability of aerosol optical depth in the Dahel region in relation to vegetation remote sensing, International Journal of Remote Sensing 12(6):1147-1164.

Holben, B., V. E. and K. Y. J. (1992), Aerosol retrieval over land from AVHRR data: application for atmospheric correction, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 30(2):212-222.

Huete, A. R., J. Qi, A. Chehbouni, W. Leeuwen and G. Hua (1991), Normalization of multidirectional red and nir reflectances with the SAVI, Proceedings of the 5th International Colloquium - Physical Measurements and Signatures in Remote Sensing, Courcheval, France, 14-18 January 1991 (ESA SP-319), pp. 419-422.

Justice, C. O., J.R.G. Townshend, B. N. Holben, and C. J. Tucker. (1985), Analysis of the phenology of global vegetation using meteorological satellite data. International Journal of Remote Sensing 6(8):1271-1318.

Kumar, M. and J. L. Monteith (1982), Remote sensing of plant growth. In Plants and the Daylight Spectrum, (H. Smith, Ed.), London, Academic Press, pp. 133-144.

Lachowski, H., P. Maus, M. Golden, J. Johnson, V. Landrum, J. Powell, V. Varner, T. Wirth, J. Gonzales, S. Bain (1995), Guidelines for the Use of Digital Imagery for Vegetation Mapping, United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Engineering Staff, Washington, DC, Publication EM-7140-25.

Myneni, R. B., G. Asrar, D. Tanre, and B. J. Choudhury (1992), Remote sensing of solar radiation absorbed and reflected by vegetated land surfaces, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 30 (2):302-314.

Myneni, R. B., S. O. Los, and G. Asrar (1995), Potential gross primary productivity of terrestrial vegetation from 1982 - 1990, Geophysical Research Letters 22(19):2617.

Nemani, R., L. Pierce, S. Running, and S. Goward (1993), Developing satellite-derived estimates of surface moisture status, Journal of Applied Meteorology 32:548-557.

Potter, C. S., J. T. Randerson, C. B. Field, P. A. Matson, P. M. Vitousek, H. A. Mooney, and S. A. Klooster (1993), Terrestrial ecosystem production: a process model based on global satellite and surface data, Global Biogeochemical Cycles 7(4):811-841.

Price, J. C. (1989), Quantitative aspects of remote sensing in the thermal infrared. Theory and Applications of Optical Remote Sensing. (G. Asrar, Ed.), New York, Wiley, pp. 578-603.

Prihodko, L. and S. N. Goward (1997), Estimation of air temperature from remotely sensed observations, Remote Sensing of Environment 60(3):335-346.

Prince, S. D. (1991), A model of regional primary production for use with coarse-resolution satellite data, International Journal of Remote Sensing 12(6):1313-1330.

Prince, S. D., S. J. Goetz, K. Czajkowski, R. Dubayah, and S. N. Goward (1998), Inference of surface and air temperature, atmospheric precipitable water and vapor pressure deficit using AVHRR satellite observations: validation of algorithms, Journal of Hydrology (in press).

Prince, S. D. and S. J. Goward (1995), Global primary production: a remote sensing approach, Journal of Biogeography 22:815-835.

Ruimy, A., G. Dedieu, and B. Saugier (1994), Methodology for the estimation of terrestrial net primary production from remotely sensed data, Journal of Geophysical Research 99(D3):5263-5283.

Russell, G., P. G. Jarvis, and J. L. Monteith (1990), Absorption of radiation by canopies and stand growth. Plant Canopies: Their Growth Form and Function. (G. Russell, P. G. Jarvis and B. Marshall, Ed.), Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, pp. 21-41.

Sellers, P. J. (1985), Canopy reflectance, photosynthesis and transpiration, International Journal of Remote Sensing 6:1335-1372.

Sellers, P. J. (1987), Canopy reflectance, photosynthesis and transpiration. II. The role of biophysics in the linearity of their interdependence, Remote Sensing of Environment 21:143-183.

Sellers, P. J. and D. Schimel (1993), Remote sensing of the land biosphere and biogeochemistry in the EOS era: science priorities, methods and implementation, Global and Planetary Change 7(4):279-297.

Spanner, M. A., L. L. Pierce, S. W. Running, and D. L. Peterson (1990), Remote sensing of temperate coniferous forest leaf area index. The influence of canopy closure, understory vegetation and background reflectance, International Journal of Remote Sensing 11:95-111.

Tucker, C. J., C. L. Vanpraet, E. Boerwinkel, and A. Gaston (1983), Satellite remote sensing of total dry matter accumulation in the Senegalese Sahel, Remote Sensing of Environment 13:461-474.

URLs

Life Cycles:

http://www.wp.com/lifecycles/

 

Global Phenological Monitoring:

http://www.student.wau.nl/~arnold/gpmn.html

 

Development of Plant Phenological Observation Network:

http://www.metla.fi/projects/phenology/

 

GIMMS (Global Inventory, Mapping and Monitoring System):

http://pratmos.gsfc.nasa.gov/~nazmi/GIMMS/GIMMS.html

 

ISLSCP Initiative I home page:

http://daac.gsfc.nasa.gov/CAMPAIGN_DOCS/ISLSCP/islscp_i1.html

 

NASA Biospheric Sciences Branch:

http://ltpwww.gsfc.nasa.gov/bsb/

 

University of Maryland Global Production Efficiency Model:

http://www.inform.umd.edu/geog/glopem/

 

USDA Agricultural Research Center Remote Sensing and Modeling Lab:

http://www.arsusda.gov/rsml/rsmlhome.html

 

Earth Observation System (EOS) Validation Activities:

http://eospso.gsfc.nasa.gov/validation/valpage.html

 

Environmental Resource Institute of Michigan Reflectance Modeling Tutorial:

http://www.erim.org/on-line-docs/GUIDE/guide.frm.html